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The XYZ color space, established by the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) in 1931, is the foundational model for all modern color management systems. It mathematically defines the relationship between the physical wavelengths of light and human color vision. In this model, 'Y' corresponds to luminance (brightness), while 'X' and 'Z' serve as virtual components to describe chromaticity. Because it encompasses all colors visible to the human eye, XYZ serves as the standard reference space for converting colors between different devices and color spaces.
OKLCH is a color space that combines the perceptual uniformity of OKLAB with the intuitive cylindrical coordinates of LCH (Lightness, Chroma, Hue). It is increasingly becoming the preferred color space for modern web design and CSS because it allows for predictable color manipulation—such as creating harmonious palettes or adjusting lightness without shifting the perceived hue—better than HSL or standard LCH. It is natively supported in modern CSS Color Module Level 4, enabling more vibrant and accessible color schemes.